From Qumran to Philo: Precedence for Paul’s Use of “Israel”

7 03 2010

For those of you who were unable to attend the SECSOR SBL/AAR meeting this weekend in Atlanta, I have embedded the paper I presented for one of the New Testament sections for your reading pleasure or mockery or whatever. Enjoy.





Now That’ll Preach

3 03 2010

If you have spent any time in the academic (or quasi-academic) setting of seminaries and divinity schools in the South, you have probably heard this phrase. To be sure, this phrase can be heard in other settings (a Sunday School discussion, at a softball game, talking about politics in the grocery store), but the classroom setting is where I hear it most often.

One of my classes this semester is Greek Readings in Luke being taught by Dr. Jim McConnell. This is a class in which I ask a lot of questions; most of them posed in the form of “why would the writer use X instead of Y which would have gotten the point across just as well if not better,” where X and Y can equal words, grammatical styles, or idioms. His response is often prefaced by, “this won’t be anything that’ll preach…” It’s a running joke that we have. He knows the last thing I’d ever be doing in an academic setting is looking for something “that’ll preach.”

This banter, though, has gotten me cogitating on this unique phrase and its usage. What is usually meant by this phrase is something along the lines of, “Now that’s a good piece of information that I can put into a sermon and make a great point about.” I think the intent is almost always benign. The result, though, is often half-thought-through points that become highlighted because they reaffirm a view or belief that the person already held. Two marquee examples come to mind.

  1. That one of the Greek words for love, agapao, means something along the lines of a divine love, an unconditional love. This is in direct opposition to other Greek words for love, such as phileo and eros (where phileo means “brotherly love,” think Philadelphia and eros means “erotic love”). The point that is often made is that Jesus loves in an agapao manner while humans love in a phileo manner or, God forbid, an eros manner. The simple fact, though, is that there is no major distinction between how these terms are used within the New Testament.
  2. That Jesus always spoke in the perfect. This is a bit more of a joke, though, undoubtedly some take it seriously. Greek has 7 tenses, one of which is called perfect, which simply means that the action has been completed (as opposed to incomplete action or ongoing action, for instance). The point is then made that Jesus only spoke in the perfect tense because, well, it’s perfect.

Now I know that many, if not most, of the students in my divinity school are on the lookout for something “that’ll preach” while sitting in class. I think this is a disservice to the teaching that is going on and the potential learning that could be taking place as well. For, when we are looking for something “that’ll preach” we necessarily are looking for tidbits of information that people in our church likely do not know and that will support some point we want to make in a sermon. This perspective then results in us ceasing to listen when we’ve heard something that we like, meaning that we often do not dig deeper to see if the point bears itself out under more stringent and closer examination.

I maintain that this is actually a rather large problem, and judging by its prevalence in my divinity school, it is infiltrating churches at a rapid pace. What is happening is that the academy is being used by the church to support their predilections and preconceived notions. Students are hearing/learning/knowing “just enough to be dangerous,” as the saying goes. Students that have had one semester of Hebrew make claims about the Trinity being present in Genesis 1 and their churches eat it up, because, “hey, they’ve been to seminary and they know things that we don’t.”

The classroom is an academic setting that should be approached with that in mind, not with next Sunday’s sermon. It is difficult for the gap to be bridged between the church and the academy if the church only listens to half of what the academy says and thinks they know more about the Bible than any professor or student who is only there for academic reasons.

I am certainly in the classroom for academic reasons, but that does not mean that I do not (or cannot as some think) read the Bible from a devotional/church perspective. I can and do, quite often. Very often what I have learned in the classroom makes it into a Bible study or sermon of mine, but this is because I learned the information first and my reading of the text was influenced by what I had learned, not because I had a view of the text and then hoped to back it up by quoting half of a statement by someone with a PhD. I do not pretend to have this balance perfectly figured out, for I certainly lean toward the academic side. This, however, should not preclude me from speaking to the harm that many are doing in countless churches because they are more interested in finding something “that’ll preach” than in actually learning something, that may or may not influence their current position.

P.S. I fully expect you to speak of this post to someone with the phrase, “Now that’ll preach!”





Dear God

24 02 2010

My mentor Dan Goodman and my dear friend Sam Harrelson introduced me to Conor Oberst (Wiki link) a while back. His most recent project is with Monsters of Folk. The first song is “Dear God” and contains this chorus:

Well I’ve been thinking about,
And I’ve been breaking down without an answer
I know I’m thinking aloud but if your love’s
Still around why do we suffer?
Why do we suffer?

This is a question that we will likely never answer, but one that will also likely never leave us. This question, though, as the song poses it is not spiteful, but deep and honest. I have asked this question countless times and offered numerous answers; some more satisfactory than others. I want to hear from you now, though. Is this a question that you have asked? How do you/have you answered this question?

Note: See Sam Harrelson’s reaction to another of Monster of Folk’s songs, “Say Please” here.





A More Perfect Union?

9 02 2010

The founders of America spoke of striving to form a more perfect union. It is right to ask, from time to time, whether we have reached the peak or whether there is yet work to be done. The current state of politics in our country leads me to believe that there is a “more perfect union” on the horizon. How far out on the horizon is yet to be seen. The conclusion of Thoreau’s On the Duty of Civil Disobedience resonates with me.

The progress from an absolute to a limited monarchy, from a limited monarchy to a democracy, is a progress toward a true respect for the individual. Even the Chinese philosopher was wise enough to regard the individual as the basis of the empire. Is a democracy, such as we know it, the last improvement possible in government? Is it not possible to take a step further towards recognizing and organizing the rights of man? There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power, from which all its own power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly. I please myself with imagining a State at least which can afford to be just to all men, and to treat the individual with respect as a neighbor; which even would not think it inconsistent with its own repose if a few were to live aloof from it, not meddling with it, nor embraced by it, who fulfilled all the duties of neighbors and fellow-men. A State which bore this kind of fruit, and suffered it to drop off as fast as it ripened, would prepare the way for a still more perfect and glorious State, which also I have imagined, but not yet anywhere seen.

Writing over 160 years ago, Thoreau had his hand on the pulse of the people then and, it appears, on people now. With growing discontentment in the two-party system in our country, I wonder if “we the people” could move forward in a way that values the individual, not necessarily the most powerful or the majority.





Majority Rules

7 02 2010

I am often the first one to speak up when something is being applied anachronistically. Thus, I proceed with care. Even carefully going forward, though, will not allow me to unsee what I have already seen. In reading Thoreau’s On the Duty of Civil Disobedience I came across his section on slavery that had not previously caught my attention. It stopped me dead in my tracks last night though, as I was reading through it again.

When the majority shall at length vote for the abolition of slavery, it will be because they are indifferent to slavery, or because there is but little slavery left to be abolished by their vote.

Thoreau was quite underwhelmed with allowing the masses to determine what is “right.” My experience as a student of history has caused me to come to the firm conviction that it is never right to allow a majority to determine the rights, or lack thereof, of a minority. The most obvious contemporary parallel is same-sex marriages. A few states have put this to vote (the most notable being Prop 8 in California) and allowed the majority to determine what rights a minority (homosexuals) were allowed to have. That is, the majority was allowed certain rights simply because there were more of them, but the minority were not allowed these rights due to the relative lack of them.

Try as I may, I continue to fail to be able to see how this system is “right” or “just.” The majority has almost never chosen to allow a minority to have rights equal to theirs. Think of blacks in America gaining their rights. Think of women gaining theirs. Both of these fights were long and hard and while they may have had some supporters who were part of the majority, the majority never supported their fight for equal rights.

What do you think? Should the majority be allowed to determine the rights of minorities?





This Is What You Shall Do

3 02 2010

This is what you shall do:
Love the earth and sun and the animals,
Despise riches, give alms to everyone that asks,
Stand up for the stupid and crazy,
Devote your income and labors to others,
Hate tyrants, argue not concerning God,
Have patience and indulgence toward the people,
Take off your hat to nothing known or unknown,
Or to any man or number of men,
Go freely with powerful uneducated persons,
And with the young and with the mothers of families,
Read these leaves in the open air,
Every season of every year of your life,
Reexamine all you have been told,
At school at church or in any book,
Dismiss whatever insults your own soul,
And your very flesh shall be a great poem,
And have the richest fluency not only in its words,
But in the silent lines of its lips and face,
And between the lashes of your eyes,
And in every motion and joint of your body.

- Walt Whitman





Chesterton on Bigotry

19 01 2010

G. K. Chesterton’s definition of bigotry is the best I’ve seen.

“It is not bigotry to be certain we are right; but it is bigotry to be unable to imagine how we might possibly have gone wrong.”

I believe this to be the single greatest disease in our churches today. Our inability to imagine that there is even the slightest chance that we may not be 100% right causes narrow-mindedness that results in broken relationships and countless lost opportunties to learn and grow.





A Year Ago Today

13 01 2010

Thee following is a letter that I wrote on January 15, 2009, two days after my friend and mentor, Daniel Goodman, died. Today I am remebering him, as I do regularly. I am a bit less selfish a year later, though, and realize how many people Dr. Goodman had touched. Each of you are in my thoughts and prayers today. I hope that somehow sharing my letter will somehow make this day a bit easier and meaningful for you.

—————–

Dr. Goodman,

This is not easy, you know? Going on without you. In the countless e-mail conversations between me, you and Sam you always complained about Sam and I being able to shoot back one-liners while you were writing novelettes. Today, I fear, I am the one who cannot be succinct. For, you have touched me in too many ways. It is tough, though, to remember. I think you knew that this was particularly difficult for me, but you taught me the importance of it. You taught me that memory is sacred; that remembering is a sacred act. For the past 48 hours now I have been actively engaged in remembering. Partly because I will always remember; mostly because I can never forget.

To be sure, I have memories of our time together. I have more of those than I can recall. I remember the time we spent together in October traveling from Boiling Springs to D.C. to Charleston and to Savannah, you and I trading time behind the wheel. I remember worshiping with you in the National Cathedral. I remember calling you at your home early on in our friendship about an issue that had arisen at school and how caring and supporting you were of whatever my decision would have been. I remember going to the Conor Oberst concert in Asheville, your bush league attempt to mosh with me and Sam and not getting back to Boiling Springs until 2am. The conversation we had on the way back is one I hope I never forget. I remember you telling a few of us that your middle name wasn’t really pronounced Eugene, but was actually pronounced Ew-jean.

Your readings before class were always thoughtful. One of my favorites was before a hermeneutics class one night when you quoted lyrics from The Shins:

“And if the old guard still offend,
They’ve got nothing left on which you depend.
So enlist every ounce of your bright blood, and off with their heads!
Jump from the hook! You’re not obliged to swallow anything you despise!”

Those lyrics are so you. You pushed me to think for myself more than ever.

So, to be sure, I have memories of our time together, but I also have more. I have your legacy that so many others around me recognize as well.

It is your legacy that I hope most to carry on. Your passion for Jewish-Christian dialogue was not lost on me. It has been my passion for some while now, but is even more so now. You told us one day that our theology has got to be in response to reality. Since that day I have taken my theology more seriously. I have looked, as you pushed me to, for places where God is working among groups that we typically see as “others,” such as Jews and homosexuals. Your legacy will not die with me, Dr. Goodman. I will teach and preach what you taught and preached: equality, love, healing and reconciliation. I will remember the Holocaust, especially the shoes. I will carry your banner high and I will sing Leonard Cohen, Led Zeppelin, Prince and Abba songs loud.

The heart of it really, though, Danny, is that you inspire me. I saw myself in you and I have never been as honored as when you said your saw similarities between us. It’s been a long time since I’ve had a hero, but that’s what you are. I am a better person for having known you. I am a better person because you are my friend.

Peace and Blessings,

Thomas





Superiority of Seeing

11 01 2010

Doing some light reading in Philo (Wikiedia link) for my thesis, I came across this passage:

And its name shows its power; for the nation is further called, in the language of the Hebrews, Israel, which name being interpreted means, “seeing God.” But of sight, that which is exercised by means of the eyes is the most excellent of all the outward senses, since by that alone all the most beautiful of existing things are comprehended, the sun and the moon, and the whole heaven, and the whole world; but the sight of the soul which is exercised, through the medium of its dominant part excels all the other powers of the soul, as much as the powers of the soul excel all other powers; and this is prudence, which is the sight of the mind. (De Abrahamo 56-57)

Sight is important, but is it really as superior as Philo believes? Keep in mind, he is also speaking of “seeing” in an abstract sense.





If You Can’t Say Anything Nice…

9 01 2010

Regular readers of this blog will know that I maintained a theology series for a while. You will also have noticed that the series stopped fairly abruptly with this post on 8 August. There are various reasons for stopping this series, but the main one goes back to a piece of advice that I heard often growing up:

If you can’t say anything nice, then don’t say anything at all.

I’m sure most of you are familiar with this piece of advice. Although, I heard it early and often, I am not the first to heed this advice. I have (very) strong opinions (some may say that this is an understatement) that I am rarely able to keep to myself. Thus, doing a theology series around my theology class was difficult because of the nature of the class and the vast disagreements that I have with my theology professor. After being in class, then, and trying to come to this space to write about theology, I was rarely in a good frame of mind to write objectively, so I chose to heed the old adage above. I make no promise that I will always heed the above advice (you know this to be true if you have read this space for some while), but I did think it was time to offer some “reason” as to why such a promising series (in my eyes) was discontinued.